The Orientation Problem Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Orientation Problem - Assignment Example Therefore, the task is like to either swim or sink to them as they are given any written information about the roots and idea about the assigned location. They do not get any kind of help from the supervisors rather they are berated for delivery time and routes. The delivery time may be long as they are not aware about the assigned due lack of training. The employees try to learn roots by studying maps on the day off but practically it cannot help to them. Again the letter carriers are shifted from one route to another very frequently but they need time to understand the sequence of delivering articles in a particular root. Frequent shifting increases the overall duties of the entire letter careers as none of them cannot learn a particular rout properly. Answer 2 The supervisors should provide two important types of orientation to the new employees i.e. letter carriers at work sites. First is Organization orientation where the supervisor should make them informed brief about the orga nization where they have joined i.e. objective, history, philosophy, mission, procedures, rules and policies. Second types of orientation are unit based orientation where the supervisor should familiarize the new employees about their job activities and work units. The direct supervisor should provide all necessary information to the employees about a particular facility and its personal, assigned area covered by the routes and other written information like employee handbook and union contact etc. Answer 3 The supervisors should be given on job training where they can consequences of their mistakes which leads to overall loss in terms of output of their employees and the decline in performance level. In this training program the superiors will be informed about the efficient strategies followed by leading private carrier organizations. They will train them by visiting the areas through shorter routes in less time. This would motivate them as it would increase the daily output and o verall performance of their supervising units. Another types training is in house training program where they will be trained about motivation strategies which they need to implement on the new employees to understand their problems and difficulties regarding job activities and to increase the individual as well overall performance of work units. The supervisor will be informed about the benefits of basic motivations to the employees will lead to more output than expectance (Nkomo, Fottler & McAfee, 2010, p.174). Answer 4 The supervisor needs to supplement some important written documents to the new letter carriers. These should be only the employee handbook and union contact no but some other important materials which includes information about different employee benefits, no of holidays in a financial year, some copies of certain legal forms, like IRS withholding forms, brief about accident an emergency procedures, key official terms in the US postal service department, alternativ e copies of life and health insurance options, telephone and location directory of the personnel department and other important city offices. Apart from these, detailed explanation of the overall operation of the US Postal Service and mission of the organizations. In this detailed explanation of organizational operation, the job duties and responsibilities of the letter carrier, work

Public and Private Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public and Private Culture - Essay Example There is a great danger of limiting one self to the boundaries of home just like a caterpillar in a cocoon for the rest of its life. The world is a garden of different flowers with various colors, aroma, beauty, and form that needs to tread and the school is just one among the many forms that we dip our feet into. One gets educated not to stay home and encapsulate himself/herself to the four corners of knowledge rather, a person moves out of the home, from the school, educated and fully equipped to conquer the world not with guns and wars but with the knowledge and skills to a better today. It should be an educated college student’s goal to be propelled to the world outside the home, family or culture where there is much to be discovered and even more to be had. Miss Moore’s effort in â€Å"The Lesson† to draw the children from their little world to go out and look at the big picture is highly commendable especially with her effort to bring them out from their li mited knowledge as their poverty allows them to have. There is a lot to learn and so many times, one is not fully equipped with the needed knowledge and skill to perform well in the society like Miss Moore despite the education that she claimed. Understanding the many facets of society by considering different cultures as well as the different roles of every individual gives a better view and comprehension of one’s rights as well as responsibilities.It is quite impossible to separate private from public culture just as it is difficult to separate public from private life.

Legal Drinking Age Essay Example for Free

Legal Drinking Age Essay People have always wanted what they cannot have. Starting in 1984, this is the attitude most lawmakers in America have taken with respect to underage drinking, since it was the time when many states changed their drinking age from eighteen to twenty-one. Lawmakers thought that if you raised the drinking age, people could drink more responsibly, because as you grow older, your brain matures and with maturity comes responsibility. Although this law, passed not even twenty years ago, was made for the safety of young adults, people now are arguing to have the law returned to the age of eighteen. Many college students, professors and teachers have a lot to say about this topic. From John McCardell, former head of Middlebury College, to the Mother’s Against Drunk Driving Association, people have different views on the responsibility that young adults take when it comes to alcohol. Some people, who view that you should be able to drink when you are a legal adult, collect statistics about car accidents, deaths related to alcohol consumption, and binge drinking. Others who oppose this change in age collect similar data but there is a twist on the information that they receive. When making decisions about laws, people have to consider all possible situations. Since not only lawmakers have involvement in this issue, they have to think about everyone who will be affected, whether it is people from the age of twenty-one or older or eighteen or older. In changing the minimum legal drinking age to eighteen, the lawmakers would be granting adults with the ideal of justice. Since they are adults, they would be given equal consideration and be treated purely as adults. Also, having faith in these young adults grants them with responsibility, forcing them to grow up more quickly while still in their late teenage years. By giving them responsibility, you have to consider the obligation of non-malficience, which is avoiding doing injury to others. If a young adult got into a car accident while under the influence of alcohol, it would be that person’s fault along with all of the alcohol they legally consumed. While deciding whether to lower the minimum legal drinking age, you have to take into account that you do not have control over people. Instilling faith in our youth, we have to trust that they will make smart decisions. John McCardell, former president of Middlebury College, argues that if the MLDA was lowered to eighteen, that eighteen to twenty years olds could only drink if they completed forty-two hours of instruction of the history, chemistry, psychology and sociology of alcohol. This class would also teach the dangers of alcohol and what risks there are if someone drank an exceedingly high amount of alcohol. If a person eighteen or older took this class, they would earn a special license that would allow them to purchase and consume alcohol. Fighting against McCardell, the Mother’s Against Drunk Driving Association says that â€Å"the sooner youth drink, the more likely they are to become alcohol dependent and to drive drunk† One way to control this would be to have this program also include sitting in on multiple Alcoholic Anonymous meetings. When deciding, lawmakers have to think about the ideals of maturity, potential, responsibility, fairness and prudence. Abigail Baird, Assistant Professor of Physiological and Brain Sciences at Dartmouth College, studied nineteen brains of eighteen-year-old college students. These students moved 100 miles to go to college and lived without their families. The control to this study was a group of seventeen twenty-five year olds. Professor Baird came to the conclusion that the twenty-five year old brain was more mature, especially in the regions of the brain known to integrate emotion and cognition, the areas that take information from our current body state and apply it for use in navigating the world. Maturity can range though. It is proven that brains mature at different times. Although there is not a test we can give to determine the maturity of someone, lawmakers have to instill trust and hope in young adults. The ideal of potential and prudence fit in with the fact that lawmakers can not single-handedly pick out who is mature enough to legally consume alcohol at the age of eighteen. With more developed brains at twenty-one, the risk for drunk driving and making poor decisions while under the influence are lower. According to the Mother’s Against Drunk Driving Association, the MADD, an estimated twenty-three thousand lives have been saved from the elevated age of drinking since it the law was passed in 1984. Although it has saved lives, McCardell says that â€Å"(raising the drinking age to twenty-one) forced alcohol consumption behind the closed doors of dorms and fraternity basements. Always unsupervised, done in secret and too often excessive, this style of drinking has no doubt been responsibility for the alarming rise in rates of so called ‘binge’ drinking seen at colleges† Looking further into McCardell’s statement, TIME magazine says that data does not show that binge drinking has gotten worse since states raised their drinking age. John Schulenberg of the University of Michigan and Jennifer Maggs of Penn State say, â€Å"During the past two decades, despite many social, demographic, political and economic changes†¦rates of frequent heavy drinking among those ages nineteen to twenty-two have shifted little.† Having the ideal of prudence, lawmakers have to take statistics under consideration. They have to choose the option of letting under-developed, eighteen year old minds be allowed to consume and purchase alcohol, or to keep the law at twenty-one and break the ideals of justice and fairness. Having the legal drinking age of twenty-one breeds disrespect for law by having so many people break it, marginalizes the role of teaching about alcohol use and condescends the age of majority. When you turn eighteen in the United States, you can vote, enlist and fight in wars, sign contracts, marry, own businesses, serve in a jury and many other things. In most other cultures, alcohol consumption legally begins when you become a legal adult. According to the Institute of Medicine, ninety percent of alcohol consumed by eighteen to twenty years-olds is consumed when the person is involved in heavy drinking. Having the legal drinking age of twenty-one forces young adult and teenage drinking behind closed doors without any supervision. This force comes from peer pressure, media and watching what people older than them do. Teenagers are attracted to the thrill, making them drink more and more. The consequences of binge drinking are scary and sometimes fatal. The consumption of alcohol by underage Americans is common. When young people consume alcohol, the fact that they are doing something illegal does not cross their mind. Since the law prohibits young adults from partaking in an activity that usually mark adulthood, it encourages violation and disrespect of the law. According to Public Health Reports, two in every one thousand instances of underage drinking results in arrests. According to the Journal of American College Health, young adults who choose to illegally drink are drinking recklessly. This excessive consumption has resulted in binge drinking, putting young people at greater risk of alcohol poisoning, assault, sexual abuse, vandalism and alcohol related fatalities. During the Prohibition in 1920, the culture was bathtub gin, speakeasies and rumrunners. In the last ten years, these acts have been mirrored but with keg parties, beer pong and flip cup. Having the legal drinking age remain at the age of twenty-one prevents adolescents from gaining access to alcohol, saves lives by preventing alcohol-related traffic fatalities from ages eighteen to twenty and protects adolescent and young adult brains from the negative consequences of alcohol. The results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey say that early initiation to alcohol leads to long-term alcohol problems. With the law set at twenty-one, it prevents alcohol from getting into the hands of the younger population by making it illegal to consume, purchase and possess alcohol. Many high school students are protected from this possible damage because their eighteen-year-old friends cannot buy alcohol for them. According to the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, people that drink in their adolescent years are more likely to have alcohol abuse issues later in their life. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration says that that the number of drunk driving fatalities amongst eighteen to twenty one year olds has decreased by thirteen percent ever since the law has been raised to twenty-one. That decline over the past two and a half decades is from quite a few factors, including safer vehicles, increased public awareness of the danger of drunk driving, mandatory seat belt laws, lower BAC limits and the use of designated drivers, which is a term that did not exist before the drinking age was raised in 1984. Also, the adolescent brain is affected differently by alcohol than the brain of a twenty-one year old. Having the drinking age of twenty-one will lead to a healthier population by not allowing adolescents to obtain it. The American Journal of Psychiatry scanned brains of young adolescents with alcohol abuse disorders and the brains of non-drinking peers. The study showed that the brains of young adolescents with alcohol abuse disorders show lower rates of activity during memory tasks and less developed brain structures than in their non-drinking peers. If the legal drinking age remains as it is now, America’s youth will be more protected. An alternate solution to lowering the age to eighteen and keeping the age at twenty-one is to only allow eighteen-year-olds, who have completed an intensive class about alcohol, to purchase and consume alcohol. John McCardell, former president of Middlebury College, is a proponent of this idea. His thought was to have a test similar to a driving test. You would have to take a class and pass a test in order to have a specific license for purchasing and consuming alcohol. The class would go over the history, chemistry, psychology and sociology of alcohol. It is also important that the young adults view people whose lives’ have been ruined because of alcohol. They could do this by attending Alcohol Anonymous meetings or going to visit rehabilitation centers and talk to people whose lives have been affected by alcohol. If eighteen-year-olds have this knowledge, then I think that they should be able to consume and purchase alcohol. Another alternate solution is to lower the age of purchasing and consuming alcohol to twenty. Not as young as eighteen, and not as old as twenty-one, the brain is significantly more developed at the age of twenty than it is at the age of eighteen. The consequences of lowering it by one year are not as risky as lowering the age to eighteen. Although some people will still fight against it, I feel as though it is a good middle ground between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one. A very high tech alternate solution is making all cars have an Ignition Interlock System. This device, installed in a cars dashboard, mandates that you breathe into a little slot before the car will turn on. Although the system is quite expensive, it is fool proof. After the engine starts, the device will require you to breathe in it again, just to make sure that a sober person did not breathe into the device for you. Currently used for people that have broken DUI laws, if these devices were put in all cars, it would be almost impossible for people to drive drunk. The only problem with the mechanism is that it would increase the value of cars by a great deal. Although it is expensive, installing an Ignition Interlock System in every car would prevent drunk driving. When considering both sides of the argument, we have to look at the total picture. Voting on whether to make the MLDA eighteen or twenty-one shows a full view of what people want since everyone eighteen and older can vote. The vote would directly target people that would be affected no matter what the outcome was. The lawmakers have to consider their obligations to the nation, since all lawmakers were elected into their position. They also have to consider the consequences of the option that they are giving people. Putting young people in situations where it is legal to drink and maybe would not be able to control their actions and drive drunk, endangering people around them. This would endanger others, so when making a vote, people would not only have to consider an individual but everyone around them After considering all of the information, the smartest choice for lawmakers is to keep the minimum legal drinking age at twenty-one. Although teenagers may still continue to break the law while purchasing and consuming alcohol, many high school students will be protected from legally purchasing and consuming because eighteen-year-old seniors will not be able to obtain alcohol. Also, the brain at the age of twenty-one is extremely more developed than the brain at eighteen. If an eighteen-year-old legally drank and got in his/her car to drive home, that inexperienced driver would be putting everyone on the road into danger. Since an eighteen year old, who probably started driving at the age of sixteen, would get on the road without any supervision and also while under the influence of alcohol, the risk of endangering him/herself is extremely high. By keeping the motto â€Å"for the common good in mind† the best decision for lawmakers is to keep the minimum legal drinking age at twenty-one. BIBLIOGRAPHY ABC News. Alcohol Laws: Should the Drinking Age be Lowered?. [Online] http://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw.story?id=3529878page=2 The Harvard Crimson. Please Think Responsibly. [Online] Tuesday, September 16, 2008. http://thecrimson.com/article/2008/9/16/please-think-responsibly-it-certaintly-hasn’t/ TIME. Should the Drinking Age Be Lowered? [Online] Friday, June 06, 2008. www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1812397,00.html WSJ. College Presidents Stand Up for Common Sense? I’ll Drink to That. [Online] Friday, August 28, 2008. http://onlline.wsj.com/article/SB121996586419781419.html?mod=taste_primary_hs American Medical Association. Facts About Youth and Alcohol. [Online] http://www.ama-asn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/public-health/p†¦ug-abuse/facts-about-youth-alcohol/minimum-legal-drinking-age.shtml Choose Responsibly. Legal Age 21. [Online] www.chooseresponsibly.org/ Dartmouth News. Brain Changes Significantly After Age 18, says Dartmouth Research. [Online] February 6, 2006. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2006/02/06.html Wikipedia. Ignition Interlock Device. [Online] January 19, 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ignition_interlock_device

Competitive advantage of Nations

Competitive advantage of Nations INTRODUCTION â€Å"The Competitive Advantage of Nations† was written by Professor Michael Porter in 1990 and it includes a new theory about the prosperity of national and regional competitiveness according to their economic resources. The president of USA, Ronald Regan supports his ideas by giving him an appointment and the book was analyzed and followed by many different countries government as an economic policy. National success is not heritage, it is created. The classical economics indicators are not sufficient to develop the counties economy such as natural resources, labour power, interest rates. In todays competitive business world, the target of all big firms is to take advantages against their rivals. Strong and aggressive domestic competition between the companies bring benefit to the firms because todays international market is very wild and relentless. The ability of innovate and upgrade of an industry play very significant role to provide nations competitiveness. That is to say, a nations competitiveness is based on the creativity and the power of doing new product in an industry. (Michael Porter, 2008) Nations have very important role during the globalization period on the world. One of the most significant issue is to create, improve and assimilation of knowledge in process of developing nation. Because of the differences in national properties such as their structure of economy, culture, history and institutions, a country can not be success in all industries. At the end of the period, nations prosperity is occurred in a particular industry depending as their national environments and dynamics. (Michael Porter, 2008) According to sovereign thought, the most powerful subjects which affect the determination process of competitiveness are labour costs, interest rates, exchange rates and economies of scale. In todays market, the most popular words for the companies are merger, alliance, strategic partnership, collaboration and supranational. (Michael Porter, 2008) A multinational enterprise is a company that tries to be active all over the world trade market independently from any country or nation. (Pride, Hughes, Kapoor, 2008) PORTER DIAMOND OF NATIONAL ADVANTAGES The aims of international trade in classical theories introduce that competitive advantage of nation depend on the factor endowments which comes from the past. The factor endowments cover land, natural resources, labor, and size of the local population. Michael E. Porter has presented new factors that affect the national competitiveness. Some of the new advanced endowments that Porter submits are skilled labor, a strong technology and knowledge base government support, and culture. Porter used a diagram, when he illustrates the determinants of national advantages, which is called Porters diamond. Porters Diamond Diagram The characteristic properties of diamond and the diamond as a whole the diamond contents that lead to a national comparative advantage. These contents are: 1- the availability of resources and skills, 2- information that companies use to make decision which way to keep on those resources and skills, 3- the individual goals of firms 4- the ability of innovation and investment in companies The explanations of diamond point are in below: * Factor Conditions: A country constitutes its own ideal factors such as the knowledge and technology base. The capacity of upgrade and distribution of factors are more important than the stock of factors at a given time period. And the last thing is, the drawback of producing a innovation which is based on the local situation. In contrast if there is a condition such as labor shortage or scarce raw materials push firms to improve new methods, and this innovation provide benefits to nation in international market. * Demand Conditions: When the foreign market is smaller than the local one for a specific product, local firms pay all their attention to this product than do the other markets, leading to a competitive advantage when the local firms begins exporting the product. More demanding provides national advantage and a powerful, trend-setting local also provide the local firms to lead global trend. * Related and Supporting Industries: When intermediate industries are competitive, firms provide cost effective and innovative inputs. It is a strengthened effect when the supplier and competitor is the same firm in the global market. * Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry: Company strategy is affected by local situation. These strategic and structural differences help the nations firms to choose which types of industries they will excel. In Porters Five Forces model, low rivalry made an industry attractive. In this process firms should be innovate and improve themselves because of the local rivalry in long run. However, in general situation, firms refer less rivalry in competitive market. Sites; Michael E. Porter, On Competition, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998. Pride, Hughes, Kapoor, Business, Houghton Mifflin Company, 9th, 2008 http://drfd.hbs.edu/fit/public/facultyInfo.do?facInfo=biofacEmId=mporter http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/global/diamond/ http://www.themanager.org/models/diamond.htm

Descriptive Essay on Basketball Gym -- description, Observation Essay

The gym where I practice to win, the YMCA, is a place where I know who I am. It is a place I can go to escape my problems for awhile and release some stress. It is not the actual physical building, but rather the events that have occurred over the years. It is where I have formed some of the closest friendships. It is the place I have invested years of hard work for many of my accomplishments. To some it may seem odd that a place associated with sweat and physical pain can mean so much to one person. However, in my eyes it is almost like a second home. A certain familiarity has developed over time that makes it home. As I sit here, I can vividly picture myself there. I drive my car into the pot-hole filled parking lot off the main street, and park in the same spot I always have, people just seem to know that’s my spot. Walking around the back I gently push open the wooden door, which is like a barrier between two different worlds. The hot thick air quickly rushes out and escapes past my body. The familiar damp smell of sweat still inundates my nose when I walk into the ...

The Subjection of Women: In Today’s Context Essay -- Literacy Analysis

In the year 1869, John Stuart Mill published a controversial essay, â€Å"The Subjection of Women†, that advocated equality between sexes in a male-dominant society. In this essay, I will demonstrate that Mill’s analysis regarding the systematic subjection of women, by an education system producing conventional â€Å"womanly† characters favorable to men, is correct. However, I will argue that this analysis does not apply to today due to the advancement of the political rights and powers, progression of social equality, and improved economic conditions of women in countries with high education indexes. The education index is referring to the statistics on literacy rate, gross enrollment ratios, and other factors compiled by the UN that determine which countries have exemplary education. In Mill’s analysis, he likens the subjection of women to the relationship between a master and a slave. Whereas the master commands the slave’s obedience through fear and force, according to Mill, men subject women through an institutionalized form of education. This system of education instills the idea that â€Å"all women are brought up from the very earliest years in the belief that their ideal of character is the very opposite of that of men; not self-will, and government by self-control, but submission and yielding to the control of others† (Mill 22). Furthermore, Mill mentions this method fulfills man’s desire to acquire the obedience of women through their willing disposition unlike the obedience found in a master-slave relationship. Mill’s analysis is further fueled from citations of examples of similar relationships throughout history such as plebian to patrician and serf to seigneur that solidifies the argument that men had subtly enslave d women’s min... ...ic Search Complete. Web. 1 May 2012. Cole, Margaret. "The Woman's Vote: What Has It Achieved?." Political Quarterly 80.(2009): S117-S125. Academic Search Complete. Web. 1 May 2012. Dunn, Kevin, and May Summer Farnsworth. "â€Å"We ARE The Revolution†: Riot Grrrl Press, Girl Empowerment, And DIY Self-Publishing." Women's Studies 41.2 (2012): 136-157. Academic Search Complete. Web. 1 May 2012. Marklein, Mary Beth. â€Å"College gender gap widens: 57% are women.† USA Today. 19 October 2009. Web. 1 May 2012. . Cauchon, Dennis. â€Å"Women gain as men lose jobs.† USA Today. 3 September 2009. Web. 1 May 2012. . Ellison, Jesse. "The 2011 Global Women's Progress Report." Newsweek 158.13 (2011): 27-29. Academic Search Complete. Web. 1 May 2012.

The Practices in Leadership Essay Essay

The Practices in Leadership have changed in the post-bureaucratic era. Remember also that your assignment must demonstrate critical thinking, as I have emphasised in each lecture. Question assumptions by considering the negative aspects of post-bureaucratic soft power. Is it desirable in all circumstances? Are there ethical considerations? What about concerns with subtle manipulation and control? You need to grapple with the complexity of the issues – not merely give a one-sided managerialist argument. Leadership is essential in the post-bureaucratic era; however leadership is an extremely complex term that is often an overthought and has an indefinite interpretation in society. Leadership can be defined as the ‘process of directing, controlling, motivating and inspiring staff towards the stated organisational goals’. (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2011, p. 126). There are many traditional theories of leadership which I will be discussing including personality traits , behaviors, postmodern and the contingency theory. Ernest Shackletons leadership is viewed as ‘nothing short of spectacular’ during his journey across the Antarctic continent overland. One day away from Land, the vessel became iced in, and eventually sank. Shackletons role as a leader was to get every man home alive. Shackleton displayed three leadership approaches/theories he displayed on the remarkable journey .Shackletons ability to lead his men emphasizes technical and personality skills, which both can be learned and developed. The skills approach is centered around this idea, however skills can be also gained through past experiences, as seen by Shackleton, this the main reason the men respected him, due to his well-known knowledge. The style approach was displayed by Shackleton through his tasks and interpersonal relationships with others. Conflicts between men on board the ‘Endurance’ were often resolved by Shackleton, this presenting the style approach being displayed by him. The Contingency Theory was also explored in Shackletons journey, with unforeseen events taking place, and him being able to adapt to these due to his skills, this matching the style of approach. Leaders however in the post bureaucratic era can manipulate and deceive the public, hiding the hidden corrupt ion of which they act. There are many leaders who have violated their responsibilities and abused their power are present in modern day society, however attempt to justify themselves with their position of power. (Herman, S 2007, p.152)â€Å"heads of major nonprofit organizations who have demonstrated corruption and  ineptitude, military leaders whose arrogance and lack of foresight and planning have made us at worst the world’s enemy and at best the world’s laughingstock, heads of state who have boldly lied to the nation and then twisted their words when caught, and media leaders who have pandered to commercial interests while feeding us distortions if not outright lies and delivering products designed to pander to our basest instincts†. There are however leaders with a genuine vision, who encompass courage and determination and are willing to sacrifice their life for their beliefs. Martin Luther King is an example of an active leader who used his power in a positive manner. (Herman, S 2007, p.153) â€Å"Martin Luther King in August 1963 gathered 250,000 Americans for the march on Washington, to inspire the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. These leaders who display positive actions encompass egalitarianism and lead individuals without the use of manipulative power. Having a responsible leader in an organization is a common centrally focused objective. Boards of directors seek to select CEO’s who are estimated to be most responsible for the organisations performance and capital. Being responsible and accountable are comprised performance goals in which a responsible leader aims to achieve. Taking responsibility as a leader, involves accountability, dependability, authority and empowerment ( Cameron, K 2011,p.32)